(copied) How to Read and Write Scientific Research Articles
Reference: https://ml.akasaki.space/blog/[00]unlimited-paper-works/#how-to-find-the-main-points-of-an-article
How to Read and Comprehend Scientific Research Articles
Scientific articles are how scholars and researchers communicate with each other. Reading scientific articles helps you to participate in your comprehension by wondering how the researchers explain their ideas. Books, websites, papers, scientific magazines are general places to start with.
This tutorial will discuss:
- How to read a scientific article
- How to find the main points of an article
- How to take effective notes
How to read a scientific article
The least effective way to read scientific articles is from the start to finish. Instead, expert researchers scan the article skimming for key findings. The structured scientific articles are defined by several distinct sections. Most articles like lab reports are divided into five sections:
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
And the most effective way to read a scientific article is to follow this order: Abstract, Discussion, Introduction, Results, Methods. The difference between the original structure and suggested reading order are listed below:
The original structure | Order suggested |
---|---|
Abstract | Abstract |
Introduction | Discussion |
Methods | Introduction |
Results | Results |
Discussion | Methods |
By reading in the suggested order, you can quickly find the information you need to determine if the article is useful for you. After you read each section, asking yourself whether the article is interesting and relevant enough to your research assignment will help you to decide whether to continue reading it.
The Abstract
Abstract usually contains four kinds of information:
- Purpose of the study (why they did it)
- Methodology (how they did it)
- Results (what they have found)
- Conclusion (what it means)
After reading these sections, think about whether you should continue your reading.
The Discussion
This section usually contains things below:
- Clear answers about the question posed in the introduction
- Explanations about how the results supports the conclusions
After reading this sections ask yourself whether you understand and believe the author(s)' claims.
The Introduction
The introduction serves two purposes:
- Stimulating and interests the subject
- Putting the article in the large context
Generally introductions achieve these goals by leading the reader from the General
(what is already known to the topic), to the Specific
(what is not yet known), to the Focused Question
(what the authors are asking). Thus, the authors describe previous works and how they are related to it.
Before we move on to the next section, ask yourself why the authors did this study, and, does the researched question match up with the conclusions in the discussion?
The results
The results' section states:
- What the author has found
- Key data, often shown in figures or tables
Ask yourself if the data collected are appropriate to answer the researched question before moving on to the next section.
The methods
The method sections tells the reader:
- What experiments were done to answer the question stated in the introduction
This section can be difficult to read for students due to the technical language used and complex details listed. However, you can fully understand what happened by reading it carefully.
How to find the main points of an article
While you are reading the article, also distinguish the author's main points. It can be difficult to distinguish between the main point and less relevant sub-points.
Key places to look for the main points include:
- The article title
- The abstract
- Keywords
- Figure and Table titles
- The first and the last sentences of the Introduction
The keywords to look out for the main points include:
-
"We hypothesize that..."
-
"We propose..."
-
"We introduce..."
How to take effective notes
Another important part of reading and comprehending a scientific article is to take notes. Effective note-taking will save your time and help you clarify your thoughts.
Creating a standard template for taking note will help you organize your research and enable you to make quick comparisons and will save your time re-reading articles.
A possible template of reading articles can be:
Article title | |
---|---|
Author(s) | |
Journal | |
Date | |
Pages/Volume | |
Issues | |
URL | |
Main concepts | |
My critical response |
Summary
So we know that reading a paper in the proper order, making full understand of the author's main points, and taking effective notes can be a effective way to do your research.
好了,你可以启程了。
写作一篇科技类论文?
注:这一部分是在听了陈关荣教授的分享后写下的。
一篇科技论文典型的结构
Content | 描述 |
---|---|
Title(题目) | 文献的题目。通常情况下,文献的题目应该简单、准确、精炼、引人注目,表达文章主要内容或思想。 |
Author(作者) | 文献的作者。(千万不能未经同意和许可就随便地把别人例如导师的名字加到文章上单方面去投稿) |
Abstract(摘 要) | 文献的摘要,要全面准确、简明握要。摘要是供出版社、图书馆、信息库检索用的,通常要单独刊登,因此,要自我完备,尽量不要使用数学公式、数学符号、方程序号、 引文序号、图表等等。 |
Keywords(关键词) | 文章的关键字,文章所包含的研究领域或方向,并且应该用单数(例如:“attractor” 而不是 “attractors”)。SCI 系统利用关键词来分类文献,并且读者利用关键词来搜索文章。 关键词不全面可能导致检索遗漏和引用减少。 |
Introduction(引言) | 引言应该全面、客观、准确地介绍问题的背景和历史发展, 他人以及自己的贡献,本文的动因和主要成果。注意,短文在引言部分并不一定需要说明文章的基本结构。 |
Sections(段落) | 文章的内容分为很多段落。这些段落的标题、编号和格式应该尽量统一;在写作时,要尽量避免冗长的句子、避免不必要的符号和定义、避免太多太滥的缩写、避免太多太滥的方程号码。 |
Conclusion(结论) | 文章的结论。结论中不要简单地改写甚至重复文章的摘要;和摘要部分一样,结论部分不要援引前文中出现过的方程号码、图表号码, 不要重新讨论数学公式、给出定理补充证明之类。 |
Acknowledgement(致谢) | 在这部分可以感谢认真而又有实质性建议的匿名审稿人、认真而又有实质性建议的朋友、以及有关科研基金。 |
References(参考文献) | 这部分列表呈现写作时参考的文献。请注意严格使用标准格式。关于格式,请使用统一格式,或使用你打算投稿的那个杂志的格式。文献的多少要恰当:不要漏掉重要和必要的文献,又不要罗列多余且毫不相关的文章。 |
Appendix(附录 ) | 附录通常可以放一些比较长的引理和定理的证明,方便读者在阅读简洁的原文后查阅。 |
你可以通过一些工具来规范你的写作。
Abstract的写作技巧
以下内容摘抄自网络:
套路一般是,先说大环境下本领域的发展,分类,极其对其他领域的作用。进而转到其中某某模块(你针对的模块)对整体的性能至关重要。该模块已被多个其他领域应用,如U,V,W(列出参考文献)。针对该模块,大家都使用的方法是Z,近十年来一直如此。后续针对传统方法Z的不足,近几年有学者提出了D方法(ECCV2017),用以改善XXXX。接着针对D方法的不足,又有人提出了E,解决了D的问题,比如提高D的速度,或者D的稳定性,或者是D的推广版本。E是相当经典的,这么多年以来成为了主导,可谓人尽皆知。最新的研究进展中,有学者还提出了F, H等变体,分别考虑了XXXX,有的还应用在其他领域中。但是(关键来了),上述这些方法,都仅仅考虑了XXXX层面,因素。However, we observed that......,they may suffer from……,they face the problem of……这个地方最好需要你用一句神来之笔的观点说出这些方法的问题,从而让人眼前一亮,让人恍悟好像这些方法确实是这么一回事,甚至让人恍悟原来E方法能有提升是出于背后这么个原因。总之你若能总结到类似于这样的深刻道理,那基本上审稿人对你论文的看法就是very novel。加之你的提升有1.5个点这么多,那么审稿人对你实验结果的看法也将是significant或very convincing。
- 为了流畅地书写Abstract,你需要有足够的文献储备,这样才能做到信手拈来。
- 注意语言表达要客观,要尊重,还要犀利。
论文的投稿流程
- Have an idea (你有一个想法)
- Do your research (完成你的研究和实验)
- Write your paper (进行论文写作)
- Identify a journal (选择要发表的期刊。老手的一些想法是有想法之后先选择期刊再进行论文写作,有许多直接被拒的论文不是写的不好而是找错了地方。)
- Submit your paper (提交你的论文)
- Receive reviewers' comments (收到审稿人评价)
- Revise and submit (修改后重新提交)
- Receive further comments (收到后续审稿意见)
- Revise and submit (修改后重新提交)
- ......
- Get accepted and published (被接受并发表)
论文的审稿流程
- Editor-in-Chief receives manuscript (主编收到论文)
- Checks for quality, scope (检查论文质量。Desk rejection 也就是拒稿往往是在这一步发生的)
- Assigns to an editor including the EIC herself (分配给编辑审阅)
- Handling editor invites reviewers (编辑邀请审稿人)
- May or may not use suggested reviewers (接受或者不接受该审稿人评阅)
- Receives reviewers' comments (收到审稿人意见)
- Makes decision : Reject, major revision, minor revision or accept (做决定:拒绝,重大修改,轻微修改,还是接受论文)
- reject and resubmit (拒绝并重新提交)
- Receives revised manuscript (接收修改后的论文)
- Invites reviewers (邀请评阅)
- Likely the previous reviewers, but could also be new reviewers (可能是之前的审稿人,也可能是新的审稿人)
- Receives reviewers' comments (收到审稿人意见)
- ......
- Accepts (接受)
常见的简单审稿意见(在写作期就可以避免)
审稿意见 | 审稿意见全文 | 参考中文 | 举例 |
---|---|---|---|
参考文献不要扎堆 | Eliminate multiple references. After that please check the manuscript thoroughly and eliminate all the lumps in the manuscript. This should be done by characterizing each reference individually. This can be done by mentioning 1 or 2 phrases per reference to show how it is different from the others and why it deserves mentioning | 消除出现在同个位置的多个引用。在那之后,请彻底检查手稿,消除所有的扎堆文献。这应该通过单独描述每个引用来实现。这可以通过在每次引用中提到1或2个短语来说明它与其他的不同之处,以及为什么它值得提到。 | 修改如“前人的工作有[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]”的大量引用,仅保留必要的。 |
结 论中增加意义量化及对比 | In the conclusions, in addition to summarizing the actions taken and results, please strengthen the explanation of their significance. It is recommended to use quantitative reasoning comparing with appropriate benchmarks, especially those stemming from previous work. | 在结论中,除了总结所采取的行动和结果外,请加强对其重要性的解释。建议使用定量推理与适当的基准进行比较,特别是那些源于以前工作的基准。 | 增加如“我们在前人提出的xxx之上又做出了怎样的贡献”的语句。 |
结论中增加意义量化及对比 | Please revise the conclusion in paragraphs. Conclusions are not just about summarizing the key results of the study, it should highlights the insights and the applicability of your findings/results for further work. Please make it more concise and show only the high impact outcomes. Report your Conclusions in one or maximum 2 paragraph. Avoid bullet form). | 请在段落中修改结论。结论不仅仅是总结研究的关键结果,它应该突出你的发现结果对进一步工作的洞察力和适用性。请让它更简洁,只显示高影响的结果。一段或最多两段报告你的结论。避免子弹形式。 | 一般结论不超过半页纸。请不要在结论里使用分条分点的段落形式。 |
删除多余的虚词 | Eliminate the use of redundant words, e.g. in this way, recently, respectively, therefore, currently, thus, hence, finally, to do this, first, in order, however, moreover, nowadays, consequently, in addition, additionally, furthermore. Revise all similar cases, as removing these term(s) would not significantly affect the meaning of the sentence. | 消除多余虚词的使用,例如:这样做、最近、分别、目前、因为、因此,最后、这件事、首先、顺序、然而、此外、如今、因此、此外等词汇。修改或删除这些“删除后不会对句子的意思产生重大影响”的词。 | 删除诸如“关于这件事...”等无关语义的连接,对各种虚词的使用仅保留必要的部分。 |
对一千以上的数字增加分隔符 | Add a separator for the numbers over 1,000. Check all numbers including those in the tables/figures. | 为超过1000的数字添加分隔符。检查所有数字包括表/图中的数字。 | 例如将“1000”改为“1,000”。 |
检查下标格式 | Check all format, e.g. "SO2" in Fig.5, 2 should be in subscript, check all。 | 在Fig.5中,2应该是下标,请检查全部格式。 | 例如二氧化硫$SO_2$不小心写成了$SO2$,请检查并改正。 |
请使用国际制单位 | Please use SI unit. E,g, m instead of meter, t instead of tons. d instead of day, y instead of years or yr, h instead of hours, M instead of million, kg instead of kilogram or Kg (including those in figures/tables) and leave a space between the value and unit. Please check all. | 请使用国际制单位。例如,“m”代替米,用“t”代替吨。用“d”代替“天”,用“y”代替“年”用“h”代替“小时”用“M”代替“百万”,用“kg”代替“公斤”或“Kg”(包括图表中的单位),并在数值和单位之间留一个空格。 | 原文中已经足够举例。 |
没有添加页码或行号 | I suggest the authors add page and line numbers when they re-submit it. It will be easier for reviewers to make comments. | 我建议作者在重新提交时添加页码和行号。评审者可以更容易地发表评论。 | 加上页码,需要行号的位置增加行号。 |
图表缺少摘要 | Please provide a graphical abstracts. | 请提供图表摘要。 | 一张没有任何文字描述的图表。 |
常见的复杂审稿意见
审稿意见 | 审稿意见全文 | 参考中文 |
---|---|---|
文章亮点问题 | This is not a highlight of the research. | 这不是研究的重点。 |
文章缺少亮点 | I think highlights are mandatory for this journal, and they are missing in this paper. | 我认为本期刊论文必须具备Highlight的部分,但是这篇论文中没有 |
文章类型比较像报告而不是论文 | On the whole, the manuscript is more like a thesis or a report rather than a scientific research. In my understanding, this is not acceptable in a scientific paper of this field of knowledge. The paper is well-written and organized. However, it seems more a technical report than a scientific contribution at this moment. I'm not sure about the SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION of this paper, since most of the results and discussions seems to be more TECHNICAL than SCIENTIFIC. | 总的来说,稿件更像 是理论或报告,而不是科学研究。(这种形 式)在这一知识领域的学术论文中是不能接受的。这篇论文写得很好,条理清晰。然而,目前看来,它更像是一份技术报告,而不是一份学术成果。我不确定这篇论文的学术贡献,因为大多数结果和讨论似乎缺乏学术性。 |
文章类型比较像报告而不是论文 | This existing review article makes few relevant contributions to the academic environment. The whole article looks like a technical report, rather than a scientific one. Please tell readers, what the research gaps are, what the scientific contributions are. Then, pls. re-organize the text. | 现有的综述文章对学术环境的相关贡献很少。整篇文章看起来像是一篇技术报告,而不是学术论文。请告诉读者(这一领域的)研究空白是什么,科学贡献是什么,并重新组织文章。 |
文章新颖性不足 | My first and primary concern lies in the novelty of this work, as |feel that the novelty issue has not been sufficiently. | 我首先关注的是这个作品的新颖性,因为我觉得这个新颖性问题在目前的版本中没有得到充分的强调。应该回答一个重要的问题:这项工作是否填补了一些以前的文章不能解决的知识空白? |
论文价值体现不足 | The author needs to provide the contributions of this study more specific. | 作者需要更具体地提供本研究的贡献。 |
没有体现研究的重要性 | The second major concern is related to the significance of this work, that is, how the results derived from the work be benefitting to the WEEE management? A list of issues can be proposed. | 第二个主要的关注点与这项工作的意义有关,即这项工作的结果如何有益于WEEE管理可以提出一系列问题。 |